Lub tsev ntim khoom yog lub tsev prefabricated modular nrog lub thawv steel qauv ua lub cev tseem ceeb.Tag nrho cov chav tsev modular yog ob qho tib si structural units thiab spatial units.Lawv muaj cov qauv kev txhawb nqa ywj pheej uas tsis nyob ntawm sab nraud.Sab hauv ntawm cov modules tau muab faib ua ntau qhov chaw raws li kev ua haujlwm.Lub tsev ntim khoom muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev thauj mus los yooj yim, yooj yim disassembly thiab sib dhos, thiab rov siv dua, thiab tau siv thoob plaws ntiaj teb.Raws li ib qho ntawm cov kev tsim kho tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua dhau los, lub tsev ntim khoom tau teev los ntawm American "Business Weekly" raws li ib qho ntawm 20 qhov tseem ceeb inventions uas feem ntau yuav hloov txoj kev ntawm tib neeg lub neej nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Tom ntej no 10 xyoo, uas yog ua rau ntau thiab ntau xim los ntawm thawv manufacturers.Ua tib zoo mloog thiab xyaum ua kom nquag plias.
1 Macro ib puag ncig rau kev txhim kho cov tsev ntim khoom
Ib puag ncig sab nraud ntawm kev lag luam tau muab faib ua micro-ib puag ncig thiab macro-ib puag ncig: micro-ib puag ncig yog hais txog ib puag ncig tshwj xeeb rau kev ciaj sia thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam, uas yog, ib puag ncig kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam kev sib tw ib puag ncig uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha. kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam., cov neeg siv khoom thiab lwm yam, kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej no yog qhov tshwj xeeb, lub thawv ntim khoom lag luam yooj yim dua rau kev tuav;macro ib puag ncig yog hais txog ib puag ncig uas tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam, suav nrog ib puag ncig kev nom kev tswv, ib puag ncig kev cai lij choj, kev lag luam ib puag ncig, kev sib raug zoo thiab kab lis kev cai ib puag ncig, thev naus laus zis ib puag ncig, Environmental yam thiab xwm txheej kub ntxhov, thiab lwm yam. Cov xwm txheej no ib txwm ua rau lub ua lag luam ua ntej, thiab tom qab ntawd cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub lag luam.Lawv dhau ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm lub tuam txhab.Nws tsis yog ib qho yooj yim rau cov thawv tsim khoom lag luam kom raug tuav nws.Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb los txheeb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov chaw macro tam sim no ntawm kev tsim cov tsev ntim khoom.
1.1 Kev nom kev tswv ib puag ncig
Globalization txhawb nqa qhov kev hloov pauv loj ntawm cov qauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, ntxiv nrawm rau kev tsim kho dua tshiab thiab ntws ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm thoob ntiaj teb, thiab kev xa tawm thiab hloov pauv ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam los ntawm cov teb chaws tsim tau muab lub sijhawm tseem ceeb rau kuv lub teb chaws txoj kev loj hlob.ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua.Nyob rau hauv 2008 Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Ua Haujlwm Tshaj Tawm, "txhim kho kev lag luam rov qab, hloov txoj kev loj hlob, txiav txim siab tswj qhov muag tsis pom kev nqis peev thiab kev tsim kho dua tshiab hauv kev lag luam nrog kev siv hluav taws xob ntau, kev siv hluav taws xob ntau, thiab kev muaj peev xwm dhau, thiab nce cov qauv kev nkag mus thiab cov peev txheej rau kev lag luam. txwv txoj kev loj hlob. "Cov ntsiab lus ntawm "cov ntsiab lus qhia txog kev txhim kho kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam.Raws li cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis, muaj txiaj ntsig siab ntxiv ntim cov khoom lag luam, cov tsev ntim khoom muaj lub sijhawm zoo rau lub thawv kev lag luam los kho cov qauv khoom, txhim kho kev siv lub peev xwm, nteg lub hauv paus ruaj khov rau kev txhim kho mus ntev, thiab ua tiav txoj kev loj hlob.
1.2 Kev cai lij choj ib puag ncig
1.2.1 Kev txuag hluav taws xob
Txij li thaum muaj teeb meem hluav taws xob hauv ntiaj teb tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1973, cov teb chaws tau tsim kev txuag hluav taws xob raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob, thiab tau tsim ua tiav thiab ua tiav cov txheej txheem kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab cov qauv.
Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau tshaj tawm "Txoj Cai Kev Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws Xob Hauv Tsev Tshiab" thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1977, thiab tau tsim "National Appliance Energy Conservation Act" los siv cov qauv kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg kawg nkaus rau cov tsev thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev.Cov qauv no tau raug kho tas li thiab ua kom nruj dua.Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv cheeb tsam tsim kev lag luam xws li California thiab New York, kev tsim cov qauv kev siv hluav taws xob tau nruj dua li ntawm tsoomfwv.
Lub Zog Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Cov Lus Qhia (EPBD) tau dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv raug cai ntawm European Union thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2003 thiab yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txoj cai lij choj rau kev tsim kev txuag hluav taws xob hauv European Union.Txij li thaum EPBD tau los ua haujlwm, EU cov tswvcuab tau tsim lossis txhim kho cov kev cai txuag hluav taws xob raws li cov cai ntawm EPBD thiab ua ke nrog lawv tus kheej cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb.Tom qab ntawd txuag lub zog los ntawm 25% ~ 30%;� Lub teb chaws Yelemees tau siv cov kev cai tshiab lub tsev txuag hluav taws xob nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 2006. Cov kev cai no piav qhia txog kev siv cov kev cai ntawm EPBD nyob rau txhua qhov, thiab teev cov kev cai siv hluav taws xob tsawg kawg nkaus rau cov qauv coefficient ntawm ntau lub tsev.
Txij li thaum xyoo 1980, kuv lub teb chaws tau tshaj tawm txoj cai tsim kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab tsim cov qauv kev txuag hluav taws xob, xws li JGJ26-1995 "Civil Building Energy-Saving Design Standards (Heating Residential Buildings)," JGJ134-2001 "Residential Building Energy Conservation in Lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij ntuj no txias."Cov qauv tsim", JGJ75-2003 "Cov qauv tsim rau kev txuag hluav taws xob ntawm cov tsev nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov thiab sov caij ntuj no", GB50189-2005 "Cov qauv tsim rau kev txuag hluav taws xob ntawm pej xeem vaj tsev" thiab lwm yam.;qhov system.
1.2.2 Kev nyab xeeb hluav taws xob
Kev nyab xeeb hluav taws xob tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm tus kheej, tab sis kuj tseem cuam tshuam txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tsev, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.Ntau lub teb chaws tsim kho tau txuas nrog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov teeb meem kev nyab xeeb hluav taws xob thiab tsim cov kev cai tshwj xeeb hluav taws xob kev nyab xeeb."Cov Kev Cai Hluav Taws Xob" thiab "Low Voltage Directive" ntawm European Union, thiab lwm yam. Cov kev cai lij choj hluav taws xob no tau ua lub luag haujlwm zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv tus kheej kev nyab xeeb thiab tiv thaiv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob.
Txoj Cai "National Electrical Code" ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tau ua raws li "peb-taw qhia" txoj cai kev nyab xeeb hluav taws xob.Nws tau hais meej meej ntawm nws nplooj ntawv homepage: "Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj cai no yog los muab kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg thiab khoom ntiag tug, thiab zam kev phom sij los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob."Raws li cov cuab yeej technology tshiab thiab kev lag luam xav tau, Lub Koom Haum Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws Xob Hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau hloov kho National Hluav Taws Xob Code txhua peb xyoos, kom cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev nyab xeeb hluav taws xob hauv Tebchaws Meskas muaj cov kev cai nruj thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws, nruj. ntawv nyeem, thiab muaj kev ntseeg siab.Kev ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab tswj xyuas qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv thiab cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb txij thaum pib mus txog thaum kawg, txaus siab rau lub koob npe nrov hauv ntiaj teb.
Vim yog keeb kwm vim li cas, kev tsim ntawm kuv lub teb chaws cov kev cai ntawm kev nyab xeeb hluav taws xob yog hais txog cov qauv ntawm lub qub Soviet Union "Electrical Installation Regulations", uas tsuas yog hais txog kev tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej thiab tsis muaj lub tswv yim ntawm "neeg-taw qhia"., Qee cov kev cai muaj teeb meem xws li tsis meej pem, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, thiab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, thiab kev hloov kho lub voj voog ntev, uas tsis ua raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev loj hlob sai thiab kev lag luam tam sim no.Yog li ntawd, piv nrog rau cov teb chaws tsim, tseem muaj qhov sib txawv loj hauv kuv lub teb chaws txoj cai kev nyab xeeb hluav taws xob.
1.3 Economic ib puag ncig
Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tom qab nyiaj txiag teeb meem, lub ntiaj teb no kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog rebalancing ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev loj hlob ceev, lub ntiaj teb no noj thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev lag luam chaw lag luam yog ib tug kuj txwv, thiab kev ua lag luam kev sib tw yog nruj dua;cov teb chaws tsim rov qab hais txog kev tsim khoom, kev tsim khoom thiab xa tawm, thiab cov qauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam tau hloov mus rau "rov ua lag luam", tsis tsuas yog txo qis kev lag luam ntawm cov teb chaws tsim, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem sib tw nrog cov teb chaws tsim kev lag luam.Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb tau ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam loj zuj zus ntxiv, thiab thaj chaw, thaj tsam thiab cov khoom ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev lag luam tau dhau los ua qhov dav, ua rau muaj teeb meem loj rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb yav tom ntej.Tau ntsib nrog cov xwm txheej zoo li no, kuv lub teb chaws export-taw qhia lub thawv tsev tsim khoom lag luam yuav tsum kho lawv cov tswv yim kev lag luam kom raws sijhawm, nthuav tawm cov lag luam xa tawm tshiab, thiab tsis txhob muaj ntau dhau ntawm kev lag luam xa tawm;maj mam hloov los ntawm kev sib tw tus nqi qis rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tswv yim sib tw, thiab them nyiaj ntau dua rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev ywj pheej thiab kev txhim kho thiab kev tsim kho tshiab, txhim kho kev sib tw tseem ceeb, thiab txhawb kev txhim kho kev lag luam.
1.4 Social thiab kab lis kev cai ib puag ncig
1.4.1 Kev hloov kev ua neej
Nrog rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, tib neeg txoj kev ua neej tau hloov pauv ntau, uas tau txhawb kev xav tshiab txog lawv qhov chaw nyob.Tib neeg cov kev cai rau vaj tse tsis txwv rau qhov vaj tse los ntawm cua thiab nag, thiab cov kev cai tshiab xws li kev nplij siab, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, kev txuag hluav taws xob, thiab ecology txuas ntxiv mus.Nws tau hais tias ib lub tsev ib txwm siv tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li tib neeg cov kev xav tau ntxiv lawm, thiab cov tsev ntim khoom yog lub tswv yim tshiab, xws li cov tub ntxhais kawm cov chav tsev nyob hauv Amsterdam, Netherlands, cov tsev so ntim khoom lag luam hauv London, England, thiab cov nroog ntim hauv cov chaw nres nkoj. cheeb tsam, thiab Naples, Ltalis.Container Puma franchise khw, thawv nomadic tsev cia puav pheej hauv Tokyo, Nyiv, thiab lwm yam.
1.4.2 Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov qauv pej xeem
Cov pej xeem thoob ntiaj teb kev ntxhov siab ntxiv zuj zus ntxiv, qhia txog kev loj hlob ntawm cov pej xeem hauv cov teb chaws tsim thiab cov neeg laus hauv cov teb chaws tsim.Cov neeg siv khoom muaj hnub nyoog sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev xav tau thiab kev coj cwj pwm.Rau cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov laus uas muaj kev lag luam tsis zoo, cov khoom siv vaj tsev yuav tsum yog vaj tsev pheej yig.Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsev nyob hauv Asmeskas tau tsim los ntawm RVs thiab cov hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg siv khoom qhia qhov tseeb no: American industrialized vaj tsev feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv kev lag luam rov qab rau yav qab teb cheeb tsam, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom yog pab pawg neeg tau nyiaj tsawg, feem ntau yog cov hluas thiab cov laus.Raws li ib yam ntawm industrialized vaj tse, lub tsev ntim khoom muaj kev cia siab rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg tau nyiaj tsawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hluas thiab cov neeg laus.
1.5 Technical ib puag ncig
Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis hais txog qib thev naus laus zis, thev naus laus zis lub zog, txoj cai thev naus laus zis thiab kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis hauv kev sib raug zoo ib puag ncig uas lub tuam txhab nyob.Cov txheej txheem kev lag luam ntawm cov tsev ntim khoom suav nrog ob qho tib si architectural science thiab technology thiab kev txhawb nqa thev naus laus zis ntsig txog kev thauj mus los hauv thawv.Qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm lawv tsim cov tshuab modular ntawm cov tsev ntim khoom raws li kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev siv tshuab.
Txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev sib txuas lus hauv computer thiab network technology, tau ua rau muaj ntau yam khoom siv niaj hnub no thiab cov cuab yeej siv high-tech ua tiav los siv rau hauv tsev, thiab kev tsim kev txawj ntse tau txais kev saib xyuas thiab kev tshawb fawb;ob qhov teeb meem loj thoob ntiaj teb, kev tsis txaus thiab ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj, txhawb nqa Nrog kev txhim kho cov tsev nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig ntuj, txuag hluav taws xob, thiab siv cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab.Thaum cov tuam txhab tsim cov thawv ntim khoom tsim lub tsev ntim khoom, lawv yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog them nyiaj rau lub thawv thauj khoom siv thev naus laus zis, tab sis kuj ua raws li cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam, kom ua raws li kev siv thev naus laus zis tshiab, cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, thiab tshiab. cov txheej txheem, kom txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsev ntim khoom tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm nrog kev txhim kho cov tsev ntim khoom.Lub sijhawm hloov pauv.
1.6 Environmental Factors
Tam sim no, tib neeg lub neej tab tom ntsib teeb meem loj ntawm kev tsis txaus lub zog thiab ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj.Raws li kev txheeb cais, kev tsim kho siv ze li ntawm 50% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov peev txheej ntuj, kev tsim khoom pov tseg suav txog 40% ntawm cov khoom pov tseg tsim los ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no, thiab huab cua muaj kuab paug, lub teeb muaj kuab paug, thiab hluav taws xob muaj kuab paug cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim kho account rau 34% ntawm tag nrho ib puag ncig. ua paug.Raws li cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej, architecture tau dhau los ua tsis muaj kev vam meej hauv nws cov qauv kev loj hlob ib txwm muaj.Txhawm rau tshawb nrhiav cov qauv kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov ntawm architecture, nrhiav kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo, cov peev txheej thiab ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg thiab xwm tau dhau los ua qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam.Xyoo 1993, 18th Congress ntawm International Association of Architects tau luam tawm "Chicago Tshaj Tawm" nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm "Tswj Vaj Huam Sib Luag-Kev Tsim Kho Lub Neej Yav Tom Ntej", uas tau taw qhia tias "architecture thiab nws ib puag ncig tsim ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam. cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj. "Cov yam ntxwv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb;tsim raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov yuav tsum muaj kev saib xyuas zoo ntawm cov peev txheej thiab kev siv hluav taws xob, cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv, thiab xaiv cov khoom siv. "Container houses embody lub tswv yim ntawm recycling peev txheej, kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, thiab yog ib txoj hauv kev kom paub txog kev tsim kho vaj tse nyob ruaj khov.
1.7 Kev kub ntxhov
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kev puas tsuaj los ntawm av qeeg, volcanic eruptions thiab huab cua txawv txawv tau nce ntau.Tom qab av qeeg, ib zaug ntau lub tsev raug rhuav tshem, cov neeg raug tsim txom yuav raug tshem tawm.Cov tsev ntim khoom muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsev hloov pauv hloov pauv.Muaj ntau yam kev vam meej hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws hauv kev daws teeb meem kev nyob ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom sai sai.Yuav muaj ntau thiab ntau qhov kev thov rau cov tsev ntim khoom raws li cov tsev tom qab av qeeg hloov chaw.
Post lub sij hawm: Nov-23-2022